BASICS OF FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES TEXTBOOK BY CIVILENGGFORALL FREE DOWNLOAD PDF

Dimensions and Systems of Units
Fluid Flow
Thermal and Hydropower Stations
Fluid Machinery
Pelton Turbine
Francis Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Turbo Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid mechanics is concerned with the behaviour of liquids and gases at rest and in motion. The proper understanding of mechanics of fluids is important in many branches of engineering : in biomechanics the flow of blood is of interest; ocean currents require a knowledge of fluid mechanics; chemical processing of plants require a thorough knowledge of fluid mechanics; aeronautical engineers require knowledge of flow of air over the aircraft to reduce drag and increase lift; mechanical engineers require knowledge of fluid properties to design pumps, Water turbines, gas turbines and rockets; civil engineers require fluid mechanics to study river currents and erosion; and environmentalists require knowledge of fluid properties for Solving pollution problems of air and water to control flood, irrigation channels, etc.

FLUID MECHANICS IES MASTER GATE MATERIAL : CLICK HERE

Dimensionless Parameters in Fluid Mechanics

VISCOSITY

Shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion; if the particles of the fluid move relative to each other, so that they have different velocities, causing the original shape of the fluid to become distorted. A fluid at rest has no shearing forces. Usually we are concerned with the flow past a solid boundary. The fluid in contact with the boundary sticks to it, and therefore will have the same velocity as the boundary. Considering successive layers parallel to the boundary, the velocity of the fluid varies from layer to layer in y – direction

Velocity Profile

Viscosity is an extremely important fluid property in the study of fluid flows. A thick liquid like honey which has high viscosity will take long time to flow than water. Thus, it controls the amount of fluid that can be transported in a pipeline during a specific period of time. It accounts for pressure and energy losses in pipes.

FLUID MECHANICS ACE GATE MATERIAL : CLICK HERE

SURFACE TENSION

Surface tension is a force which manifests itself only in liquids at an interface, usually a liquid gas interface. Surface tension has units of force per unit length, in N/m. The force due to surface tension is the surface tension multiplied by the length or the circumference in case of a bubble or droplet of a water. A surface tension effect can be illustrated by analysing a free body diagram of half a droplet.