FLUID MECHANICS STUDY MATERIAL FOR RRB JE BY CIVILENGGFORALL FREE DOWNLOAD PDF

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
FLUID PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY
SURFACE TENSION
CAPILLARITY
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
FLUID STATICS
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED SURFACES
STABILITY OF SUBMERGED BODY
FLUID KINEMATICS
PATH LINE
STREAK LINE
VORTICITY
FLUID DYNAMICS
FREE VORTEX
FORCED VORTEX
FLOW THROUGH BRANCHED PIPES
POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINE
LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL PLATES
TURBULENT FLOWS
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

Fluid

Fluid is a substance which has the property tendency to flow under the action of shear and tangential forces. Liquids and gases both are fluids.

Ideal and Real fluids:

In ideal fluids, there is no viscosity and no surface tension and are incompressible.
In real fluids, viscosity, surface tension together exists and are compressible along with density.

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RHEOLOGY

It is the branch of science in which we study about different types of fluids

Newtonian: Water, air
Dilatent: Butter, starch solution
Psuedo plastic: Paints
Bingham plastic: Gel, cream
Thixotropic: Printer’s ink and enamel

VISCOSITY

It is the property of fluid by virtue of which one layer resists the motion of another adjacent layer. i.e. its resistance to shearing stress

SURFACE TENSION

Cohesive and Adhesive forces: Cohesive forces are intermolecular attraction of forever between molecular of same liquid/fluid. Adhesive forces are attractive forces between the molecular of a liquid/fluid and the molecular of a solid boundary surface in contact.

Property of a liquid.
The basic cause of surface tension is the presence of cohesive forces.
It is a property by virtue of which liquids want to minimize their surface area up to maximum extent.

CAPILLARITY

When a tube of very fine diameter is immersed in a liquid, there will be rise or fall of liquid level in the tube depending upon whether the liquid is wetting with the tube or non-wetting. The rise or fall of liquid level in the tube is a phenomenon known as capillarity.

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FLUID KINEMATICS

There are two approaches to kinematics of a fluid flow i.e. Lagrangian approach and Eularian approach.
In classical fluid mechanics, Eularian approach is considered.

Different Types of Flow

Steady flow If the properties in the flow are not changing with respect to time, such a flow is known a steady flow.
Uniform flow If the properties (velocity at any given time) is not changing with respect to space, such a flow is known as uniform flow.
Incompressible flow If the density of the fluid doesn’t change with respect to pressure, the flow is known as incompressible flow.
Rotational and Irrotational flow If the fluid particles are rotating about their centre of mass, the flow is known as rotational flow. If the fluid particles aren’t rotating about their centre of mass, the flow is known as irrotational flow.

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

The concept of boundary layer was first introduced by L. Prandtl.
Boundary layer is a layer in the vicinity of the surface with large velocity gradients existing in it.
Velocity within the boundary layer increases from zero to main stream velocity on assumptions

SYPHON

Siphon is a long bend pipe used in carrying water from a reservoir at higher level to another reservoir at lower level.
The height point of siphon is called summit.
No section of the pipe will be more than 7.6 m above the hydraulic gradient line.
When absolute pressure of water becomes less than 2.7 m gases come out from water and get collected at the summit thereby providing an obstruction to flow.