ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (PART-1) STUDY MATERIAL FOR SSC JE BY CIVILENGGFORALL FREE DOWNLOAD PDF

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Environmental Engineering Study Material for SSC Junior Engineer (Civil Engineering) Exam PDF - CivilEnggForAll Exclusive

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CONTENTS

  • Water Demand
  • Fire Demand
  • Per Capita Demand
  • Water Supply Scheme
  • Design Periods & Population  Forecasts
  • Sources of Water
  • Precipitations
  • Rainfall And It’s Distribution
  • Estimating Run-off And Yield of A Basin.
  • Surface Sources Of Water Supplies
  • Subsurface or Underground Water Sources
  • Development of Ground Water
  • Aquifers
  • Groundwater Specific Yield
  • Intake For Collecting Surface  Water
  • Conduits For Transporting Water
  • Flows In Pipe Systems
  • Analysis of Complex Pipe Networks
  • Forces Acting On Pressure Conduits
  • Pumps For Lifting Water
  • Quality Control of Municipal And  Industrial Water Supplies
  • Chemical Characteristics
  • Bacterial And Microscopical  Characteristics
  • Water Quality Standards For  Drinking Water
  • Biochemical Oxygen Demand
  • Purification of Water Supplies
  • Plain Sedimentation
  • Design of Continuous Flow Type Of  Sedimentation Tank
  • Sedimentation Aided With  Coagulation
  • Mixing Basins
  • Filtration
  • Slow Sand Filters
  • Disinfection Or Sterilisation
  • Chlorination
  • Water Softening
  • Alkalinity
  • Miscellaneous Treatments
  • Removal Of Colours, Odours And  Tastes From Water
  • Removal of Iron And Manganese From Water
  • Methods Of Distribution
  • Quality Of Sewage
  • Characteristics Of Sewage
  • BOD By Dilution Technique
  • Sewage Disposal Into Streams
  • Temperature Dependence Of Rate Constant
  • Sewage And Sewerage Treatment
  • Sewer Appurtenances
  • Sewage Treatment
  • Sewage Treatment Process
  • Aerobic And Anaerobic Biological Units
  • Methods Of Sludge Disposal
  • Noise Pollution
  • Levels Of Noise
  • Averaging Sound Pressure Levels
  • Sources Of Noise
  • Noise Abatement And Control

Water is extremely useful to man, providing him luxuries and concerts, in addition to fulfilling his basic necessities  of life. It has been estimated that two third of human  body is constituted of water. Suitable systems should  be designed for collecting, transporting, and treating  water. 

Essential elements of a public water supply  scheme: 

  • Intake and reservoir: To collect water. 
  • Water treatment plant: Screening,  sedimentations, filtration, disinfection units etc. 
  • Elevated tanks and stand pipes: It provide  storage to meet peak demands occurring for limited  periods. 
  • Valves: It control the flow of water in the pipe  system. 
  • Hydrants: It provide a connection with the water  in the main for fighting fires, flushing streets etc. 
  • Distribution system: Mains, submains, and  branch lines which carry the water to the streets. 
  • Services: It carry the water to the individual house  etc. 

WATER DEMAND

  • In fact the first requirement is to consider the demand,  and the second requirement is to find sources to fulfil  that demand. 
  • Various Types of Water Demands: 
  • Domestic water demand – 55 to 60% of total water  consumption. 
  • Industrial water demand – 50 mp 
  • Institutional and commercial water demand – 20  lpcd 
  • Demand for public uses – 10 lpcd 
  • Fire demand; –1 lpcd and 
  • Water required to compensate losses in wastes and  thefts – 55 lpcd 
  • As per is 1172-1983 as well as National building code,  the domestic consumption under normal conditions  in an Indian city is expected to be around 135 litre/ head/day.
  • The ordinary per capital consumption for industrial  needs of a city is generally taken as  50 litres/capita/day
  • On an average, per capita demand of 20 l/h/d is  usually considered to be enough to meet such  commercial and institutional water requirements,  although this demand may be as high as  50 l/h/d for highly commercialised cities. 
  • Demand for public uses is generally taken as  10 l/h/day.

Break up of 135 lpcd consumption

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PRECIPITATION

Types of Precipitations

  • Cyclonic precipitation; 
  • Convective precipitation; and 
  • Orographic precipitation. 

• The usual mechanism by which the air is cooled to  cause precipitation is the lifting of the air mass. 

  • Cyclonic precipitation
    • It is caused by the lifting  of the air mass due to the pressure difference. If  low pressure occurs in an area, air will flow  horizontal from the surrounding area, causing the  air in the low pressure area to lift. The  precipitation that results, is called non-frontal  cyclonic precipitation. If one air mass lifts over  another air mass, then the precipitation is called  frontal or cyclonic precipitation.
    • The boundary between these two air masses of  different temperatures and densities is known as a  front or a front al sur face. 
    • The large whirling mass of air, at the centre of which  the barometric pressure is low, is known as a cyclone. 
  • Convective precipitation: Convective precipitation  is due to the upward movement of air that is warmer  than its surroundings. Precipitation occurs of high  intensity and short duration. 
  • Orographic precipitation: Orographic  precipitation is the most important precipitate  which is responsible for most of the heavy rains in  India. Orographic precipitation caused by air masses  which strike some natural topographic barriers like  mountain and cannot move forward, and hence rise  up, causing condensation and precipitation.

Hardness of water: 

  • Hard waters are undesirable because they  may lead to greater soap consumption, scaling  of boilers, causing corrosion and incrustation  of pipes, making food tasteless etc. 
  • If bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and  magnesium are present in water, the water is  render hard temporarily as this hardness can  be removed to some extent by simple boiling  or to full extent by adding lime to water. Such  a hardness is known as temporary hardness  or carbonated hardness. 
  • If sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium  or magnesium are present in water, they  cannot be removed at all by simple boiling and  therefore, such water require special  treatment for softening. Such a hardness is  known as permanent hardness or n on  carbonate hardness.  It is caused by Sulphates, Chlorides, Nitrates  of Ca and Mg.

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Turbidity

  • The turbidity is measured by a turbidity rod or  by a turbidimeter with optical observations, and  is expressed as the amount of suspended matter  in mg/lit or parts per million (ppm).
  • For water, ppm and mg/lit are approximately  equal.
  • The standard unit is that which is produced  by one milligram of finely divided silica  (Fuller’s earth) in one litre of distilled water. 

Turbidimeters: 

  • Turbidity rod: The turbidity can be easily  measured in the field with the help of a turbidity  rod. It consists of an aluminium rod which is  graduated, as to give the turbidity directly in  si li ca units (mg/lit) 
  • Turbidimeter: The turbidity can be measured  in the laboratory with the help of instruments  called turbidimeter. In general, a turbidimeter works on the principle of measuring the  interference caused by the water sample to the  passage of light rays. 
  • Jackson’s candle turbidimeter: The height of  water column will therefore, be more for less  turbid water; and vice versa. Longer the light path lower the turbidity. Such a turbidimeter cannot  measure turbidities lower than 25 JTU. It can be  used for natural source only, and it cannot be used  to measure the turbidities of treated supplies, for which Baylis’s turbidimeter or modern  nephelometers are used. 
  • Baylis’s turbidimeters: One of the two glass  tubes, is filled with water sample (whose turbidity  is to be measured) and the other is filled with  standard water solution of known t ur bi di ty. The  electric bulb is lighted and the blue colour in both  the tubes is observed from the top of the  instrument. 
  • Modern Nephelometer: For low turbidity less  than 1 unit 
    • NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Units 
    • FTU – Formazin Turbidity Units 
  • Ratio turbidimeter – River water has maximum amount of Turbidity.

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Colour: 

  • The presence of colour in water is not  objectionable from health point of view; but may  spoil the colour of the clothes being washed. 
  • The standard unit of colour is that which is  produced by one milligram of platinum cobalt  dissolved in one litre of distilled water. 
  • For public supplies, the colour number on  cobalt scale should not’ exceed 20, and should  be preferably be less than 10. 
  • Colour determined by an instrument is known  as tintometer.

Taste and Odour

  • The extent of taste or odour present in a particular  sample of water is measured by a term called  odour intensity, which is related with the  threshold odour or threshold odour number. 
  • Water to be tested is, therefore, gradually  diluted with odour free water, and the mixture  at which the detection of odour by human  observation is just lost, is determined. The  number of times the sample is diluted,  represents the threshold odour number. 
  • For public supplies, the water should generally  free from odour, i.e. the threshold number  should be 1 and should never exceed 3.

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