STEEL STRUCTURES

PART-1

MADE EASY GATE HANDWRITTEN CLASSROOM NOTES

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PLEASE NOTE : WE PROVIDE ONLY VERIFIED NOTES AND MATERIALS. ALL THE OTHER NOTES WHICH ARE AVAILABLE IN THE INTERNET WITH THE NAME MADE EASY CIVIL NOTES ARE FAKE AND ARE NORMAL CLASSROOM NOTES OF SOME COLLEGE. WE ALWAYS TRY TO BRING OUT QUALITY NOTES FOR FREE AND FOR THE SAKE OF STUDENTS WHO ARE REALLY WORKING HARD DAY AND NIGHT AIMING GOOD GATE/IES RANKS.

Proportionality Limit :

Limit up to which stresses proportions to strain.

Elastic Limit :

Limit up to which the material comes back to its original position after removal of the loads. Proportionality and Elastic limits are independent.

Yielding :

It is the increase in strain without increase in the stress.

Strain Hardening :

After the material has yielded, it becomes stronger and harder. This process is called strain hardening

Necking :

It is the local reduction in the area of cross section. It takes place after ultimate stress point is crossed.
In plastic analysis, the effect of strain hardening is neglected because hight deformation are not acceptable.

Steel is by far the most useful material for building structures with strength of approximately ten times that of concrete, steel is the ideal material for modern construction.
Due to its large strength to weight ratio, steel structures tend to be more economical than concrete structures for tall buildings and large span buildings and bridges.
Steel structures can be constructed very fast and this enables the structure to be used early thereby leading to overall economy.

Steel structures are ductile and robust and can withstand severe loadings such as earthquakes. Steel structures can be easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads.
Steel is also a very eco-friendly material and steel structures can be easily dismantled and sold as scrap. Thus the lifecycle cost of steel structures, which includes the cost of construction, maintenance, repair and dismantling, can be less than that for concrete structures. Since steel is produced in the factory under better quality control, steel structures have higher reliability and safety.