BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TEXTBOOK BY CIVILENGGFORALL FREE DOWNLOAD PDF

TOPICS COVERED

Economic Factors
Mechanical Properties
Non-mechanical properties
Production and construction
Aesthetic characteristics
Sustainable design
Material variability
Laboratory Measuring devices
Nature of Materials
Basic materials concepts
Metallic Materials
Inorganic Solids
Organic Solids
Steel Production
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
Heat Treatment of Steel
Steel Alloys
Structural Steel
Cold-Formed Steel
Fastening Products
Reinforcing products
Mechanical Testing of Steel
Welding
Steel Corrosion
Aluminium Production
Aluminium Metallurgy
Aluminium Testing and Properties
Welding and Fastening
Corrosion
Aggregate Sources
Geological Classification
Evaluation of Aggregate Sources
Aggregate Uses
Aggregate Properties
Handling Aggregates
Portland Cement Production
Chemical Composition of Portland Cement
Fineness of Portland Cement
Specific Gravity of Portland Cement
Hydration of Portland Cement
Voids in Hydrated Cement
Properties of Hydrated Cement
Water Cement Ratio
Types of portland cement
Mixing Water
Admixtures for cement
Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Proportioning of Concrete Mixes
Mixing, Placing and Handling Fresh Concrete
Curing Concrete

Properties of Hardened Concrete
Testing of Hardened Concrete
Alternatives to Conventional Concrete
Masonry Units
Mortar
Grout
Plaster
Asphalt Products and types
Uses of Asphalt
Temperature susceptibility of Asphalt
Chemical properties of Asphalt
Superpave and performance grade binders
Characterization of Asphalt Cement
Classification of Asphalt
Asphalt Concrete
Asphalt Concrete mix design
Charaterisation of Asphalt Concrete
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production and Construction
Recycling of Asphalt Concrete
Additives
Warm Mix
Structure of Wood
Chemical Composition
Moisture Content
Wood Production
Lumber Grades
Defects in Lumber
Physical Properties of Lumber
Mechanical Properties
Testing to determine Mechanical properties
Design Considerations
Organisms that degrade wood
Wood Preservation
Engineered wood products
Microscopic composites
Macroscopic composites
Properties of composites

Materials Engineering

Materials engineers are responsible for the selection, specification, and quality control of materials to be used in a job. These materials must meet certain classes of criteria or materials properties. These classes of criteria include

economic factors
mechanical properties
nonmechanical properties
production/construction considerations
aesthetic properties

In addition to this traditional list of criteria, civil engineers must be concerned with environmental quality. In 1997 the ASCE Code of Ethics was modified to include “sustainable development” as an ethics issue. Sustainable development basically recognizes the fact that our designs should be sensitive to the ability of future generations to meet their needs. There is a strong tie between the materials selected for design and sustainable development. When engineers select the material for a specific application, they must consider the various criteria and make compromises. Both the client and the purpose of the facility or structure dictate, to a certain extent, the emphasis that will be placed on the different criteria. Civil and construction engineers must be familiar with materials used in the construction of a wide range of structures. Materials most frequently used include steel, aggregate, concrete, masonry, asphalt, and wood. Materials used to a lesser extent include aluminum, glass, plastics, and fiber-reinforced composites. Geotechnical engineers make a reasonable case for including soil as the most widely used engineering material, since it provides the basic support for all civil engineering structures. However, the properties of soils will not be discussed in this text because soil properties are generally the topic of a separate course in civil and construction engineering curriculums.

DOWNLOAD IES MASTER GATE MATERIALS : CLICK HERE

Recent advances in the technology of civil engineering materials have resulted in the development of better quality, more economical, and safer materials. These materials are commonly referred to as high-performance materials. Because more is known about the molecular structure of materials and because of the continuous research efforts by scientists and engineers, new materials such as polymers, adhesives, composites, geotextiles, coatings, cold-formed metals, and various synthetic products are competing with traditional civil engineering materials. In addition, improvements have been made to existing materials by changing their molecular structures or including additives to improve quality, economy, and performance. For example, superplasticizers have made a breakthrough in the concrete industry, allowing the production of much stronger concrete. Joints made of elastomeric materials have improved the safety of high-rise structures in earthquake-active areas.

Lightweight synthetic aggregates have decreased the weight of concrete structures, allowing small cross-sectional areas of components. Polymers have been mixed with asphalt, allowing pavements to last longer under the effect of vehicle loads and environmental conditions. The field of fiber composite materials has developed rapidly in the last 30 years. Many recent civil engineering projects have used fiber-reinforced polymer composites. These advanced composites compete with traditional materials due to their higher strength-to-weight ratio and their ability to overcome such shortcomings as corrosion. For example, fiber-reinforced concrete has much greater toughness than conventional portland cement concrete. Composites can replace reinforcing steel in concrete structures. In fact, composites have allowed the construction of structures that could not have been built in the past. The nature and behavior of civil engineering materials are as complicated as those of materials used in any other field of engineering. Due to the high quantity of materials used in civil engineering projects, the civil engineer frequently works with locally available materials that are not as highly refined as the materials used in other engineering fields. As a result, civil engineering materials frequently have highly variable properties and characteristics.

DOWNLOAD ACE GATE MATERIALS : CLICK HERE

Steel Production

This process consists of the following three phases:

reducing iron ore to pig iron
refining pig iron (and scrap steel from recycling) to steel
forming the steel into products

The materials used to produce pig iron are coal, limestone, and iron ore. The coal, after transformation to coke, supplies carbon used to reduce iron oxides in the ore. Limestone is used to help remove impurities. Prior to reduction, the concentration of iron in the ore is increased by crushing and soaking the ore. The iron is magnetically extracted from the waste, and the extracted material is formed into pellets and fired. The processed ore contains about 65% iron. Reduction of the ore to pig iron is accomplished in a blast furnace. The ore is heated in the presence of carbon. Oxygen in the ore reacts with carbon to form gases. A flux is used to help remove impurities. The molten iron, with an excess of carbon in solution, collects at the bottom of the furnace. The impurities, slag, float on top of the molten pig iron The excess carbon, along with other impurities, must be removed to produce high-quality steel. Using the same refining process, scrap steel can be recycled. Two types of furnaces are used for refining pig iron to steel are basic oxygen and electric arc.

DOWNLOAD MADE EASY GATE NOTES : CLICK HERE

The basic oxygen furnaces remove excess carbon by reacting the carbon with oxygen to form gases. Lances circulate oxygen through the molten material. The process is continued until all impurities are removed and the desired carbon content is achieved. Electric furnaces use an electric arc between carbon electrodes to melt and refine the steel. These plants require a tremendous amount of energy, and are used primarily to recycle scrap steel. Electric furnaces are frequently used in minimills, which produce a limited range of products. In this process, molten steel is transferred to the ladle. Alloying elements and additional agents can be added either in the furnace or the ladle. During the steel production process, oxygen may become dissolved in the liquid metal. As the steel solidifies, the oxygen can combine with carbon to form carbon monoxide bubbles that are trapped in the steel and can act as initiation points for failure. Deoxidizing agents, such as aluminum, ferrosilicon and manganese, can eliminate the formation of the carbon monoxide bubbles. Completely deoxidized steels are known as killed steels. Steels that are generally killed include:

Those with a carbon content greater than 0.25%
All forging grades of steels
Structural steels with carbon content between 0.15 and 0.25 percent
Some special steel in the lower carbon ranges

Regardless of the refining process, the molten steel, with the desired chemical composition, is then either cast into ingots (large blocks of steel) or cast continuously into a desired shape. Continuous casting with hot rolling is becoming the standard production method, since it is more energy efficient than casting ingots, as the ingots must be reheated prior to shaping the steel into the final product. Cold-formed steel is produced from sheets or coils of hot rolled steel which is formed into shape either through press-braking blanks sheared from sheets or coils, or more commonly, by rollforming the steel through a series of dies. No heat is required to form the shapes (unlike hot-rolled steel), and thus the name cold-formed steel. Cold-formed steel members and other products are thinner, lighter, and easier to produce, and typically cost less than their hot-rolled counterparts.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TEXTBOOK BY CIVILENGGFORALL

DOWNLOAD LINK : CLICK HERE

PASSWORD : CivilEnggForAll