FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING TEXTBOOK BY CIVILENGGFORALL FREE DOWNLOAD PDF

TOPICS COVERED

DEFINITIONS AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYING
SURVEYING AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
SURVEYING AND ITS HISTORY
LATEST TRENDS OF SURVEYING
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
TYPES OF ERRORS
ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS
NATURE OF RANDOM ERRORS
MEASURES OF PRECISION
PROPAGATION OF RANDOM ERRORS
ERROR OF A SERIES AND A MEAN
WEIGHTS OF MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
METHODS OF MEASURING HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
CHAINING AND TAPING ACCESSORIES
MEASUREMENT BY CHAIN

REDUCTIONS TO MEASUREMENT IN SLOPES
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY CHAIN OR TAPE
RANDOM ERRORS
CHAIN AND TAPE SURVEY OF A FIELD
ERROR IN OFFSET
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
COMPUTING THE DISTANCE FROM THE PHASE DIFFERENCES
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ON WAVE VELOCITY
INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS IN EDM
REDUCTION OF SLOPE MEASUREMENTS IN EDM
LEVELLING AND ITS BASIC CONCEPTS
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING TELESCOPE
LENS FORMULA
ENGINEER’S LEVELS
TILTING LEVEL

AUTOMATIC OR SELF-LEVELLING LEVEL
OPTICAL TERMS AND DEFECTS
THE LEVELLING STAFF
PARALLEL PLATE MICROMETER
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A DUMPY LEVEL
TERMS USED IN LEVELLING
DIFFERENT METHODS OF LEVELLING
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING
LEVEL BOOK
CHECKING OF LEVELS
ERRORS IN LEVELLING
REDUCING ERRORS AND ELIMINATING MISTAKES IN LEVELLING
COLLIMATION CORRECTION
CHECK LEVELLING
FLY LEVELLING
PROFILE LEVELLING
CROSS SECTIONAL LEVELLING
RECIPROCAL LEVELLING
TWO PEG TEST
THREE WIRE LEVELLING
ERROR, ADJUSTMENT AND PRECISION OF LEVEL
PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF LEVELS
ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
BEARINGS AND AZIMUTHS
COMPASS SURVEYING
PRISMATIC, SURVEYORS AND TROUGH COMPASSES
COMPASS TRAVERSE
ERRORS IN COMPASS SURVEYING
THEODOLITES
VERNIER THEODOLITE
PLANES AND LINES OF A THEODOLITE
TRAVERSE SURVEY AND COMPUTATIONS
CLOSED TRAVERSE
ANGLE MISCLOSURE
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
GALE’S TRAVERSE TABLE
CURVES
INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND CIRCLE
TRANSITION CURVE
CENTRIFUGAL RATIO
IDEAL TRANSITION CURVE
VERTICAL CURVES
GENERAL EQUATIONS OF A PARABOLIC CURVE
DESIGN OF A VERTICAL CURVE
SIGHT DISTANCE OF A VERTICAL CURVE
AREAS AND VOLUMES
METHODS OF MEASURING AREA
VOLUME THROUGH TRANSITION
SIMPSON’S CUBATURE FORMULA
MASS HAUL CURVE
TACHEOMETRY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TACHEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
STADIA METHOD
MOVABLE HAIR METHOD
SUBTENSE BAR
PROBLEMS IN PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TANGENTIAL METHOD
ERRORS IN TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING
USES OF TACHEOMETRY
ERRORS IN PLANE TABLE
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING
ERRORS IN TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS
PLOTTING OF CONTOURS
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING
EQUIPMENTS FOR SETTING OUT
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CONTROL
UNDERGROUND SURVEYS
COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN SURVEYING

SURVEYING – Surveying is basic to engineering Before any engineering work can be started we must prepare a plan or map of the are showing topographical details . This involves both horizontal and vertical measurements.

Engineering Surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for the location , design , construction , operation and maintenance of civil and other engineering projects

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The surveying activities are

1. Preparation of surveys and related mapping specifications .
2. Execution of photogrammetric and field surveys for the collection of required data including topographic and hydrographic data,
3. Calculation, reduction and plotting of survey data for use in engineering design .
4. Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control survey networks
5. Provision of line and grade and other layout work for construction and training activities, thus the scope of surveying is very wide and interdisciplinary in character . Basically it involves accurate measurements and accurate computations . In surveying we use modern sophisticated instruments , example, electronic instruments for measurements and modern computational tools, example, computers for accurate mathematical computations . Hence thorough knowledge of basic science – say physics and mathematics – is required in grasping modern surveying.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING – Surveying is very old profession and can be classified in many different ways

Classification based on Accuracy of work :

Two general classifications of surveys are geodetic and plane. In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account . Surveys are conducted with a high degree of accuracy . However in plane Surveying, except for leveling, the reference base for field Work and computations is assumed to be a na horizontal surface. The error caused by assuming the earth to be a plane area is not serious if the area measured is small say within 250 km

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Classification based on use or purpose of resulting maps

Control surveys establish a network of horizontal and vertical points that serve as a reference framework for other surveys.
Topographic surveys show the natural features of a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, forests, hills, etc.
Land , boundary or cadastral survey ‘ s establish property lines and corners
Hydrographic sures define the shore lines and depth of water bodies, e.g. oceans, reservoirs and lakes .
Route surveys are done as a preliminary to construction of roads and railways .
Mine surveys are done above and below the ground to guide mining operations underground

Classification based on equipments used : In chain , theodolite, plane table, tacheometric surveys , the equipment named is the major equipment used in survey work . In photogrammetric surveying, major equipment is a photogrammetric camera

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Classification Based on Position of instruments : When measurement is done on the ground by say chain, tape or electronic distance measuring equipments it is ground survey, when photographic observations are taken from air, it is aerial survey.

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