IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING TEXTBOOK FREE DOWNLOAD PDF CIVILENGGFORALL

TOPICS COVERED IN THIS BOOK

INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION
INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION IN INDIA
IMPACT OF IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA
IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN INDIA
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
CROPS AND CROP SEASONS IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY AND HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF, STREAM FLOW, FLOODS
HYDROGRAPHS
SOIL WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION METHODS
SOILS – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
SOIL WATER RELATIONSHIPS
ROOT ZONE SOIL WATER
INFILTRATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
METHODS, FREQUENCY, REQUIREMENTS OF IRRIGATION
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER
GROUNDWATER AND WELLS
RESOURCES OF GROUND WATER
WELL IRRIGATION
GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCES
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
WELL HYDRAULICS
GROUND WATER EXPLORATION
PUMPING TESTS
DESIGN OF WATER WELLS
METHODS OF WELL CONSTRUCTION
WELL COMPLETION
DEVELOPMENT OF WELLS
PUMPING EQUIPMENT FOR WATER WELLS
CANAL IRRIGATION
CANALS, COMMAND AREAS
PLANNING OF AN IRRIGATION CANAL SYSTEM
ALIGNMENT OF IRRIGATION CANALS
CURVES IN CANALS
DUTY OF WATER
CANAL LOSSES
ESTIMATION OF DESIGN DISCHARGE OF A CANAL
FLOW MEASUREMENT
ASSESSMENT OF CHARGES OF IRRIGATION WATER
WATERLOGGING
DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS
MANAGEMENT OF CANAL IRRIGATION IN INDIA
NEEDS, OBJECTIVES, INADEQUACIES OF GOOD CANAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS
INCIPIENT MOTION OF SEDIMENT
REGIMES OF FLOW
RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS
TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT
DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS
SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CANAL STRUCTURES
CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
CANAL FALLS, NOTCH FALL, SARDA FALL, GLACIS FALL
REGULATORS, OFFTAKING CHANNEL
CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
RIVERS AND RIVER TRAINING METHODS
CANAL HEADWORKS
PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
SPILLWAYS

SOILS

Soil mainly consists of finely divided organic matter and minerals (formed due to disintegration of rocks). It holds the plants upright, stores water for plant use, supplies nutrients to the plants and helps in aeration. Soils can be classified in many ways, such as on the basis of size (gravel, sand, silt, clay, etc.), geological process of formation, and so on. Based on their process of formation (or origin), they can be classified into the following categories:
– Residual soils: Disintegration of natural rocks due to the action of air, moisture, frost, and vegetation results in residual soils.
– Alluvial soils: Sediment material deposited in bodies of water, deltas, and along the banks of the overflowing streams forms alluvial soils.
– Aeolian soils: These soils are deposited by wind action.
– Glacial soils: These soils are the products of glacial erosion.
– Colluvial soils: These are formed by deposition at foothills due to rain wash.
– Volcanic soil: These are formed due to volcanic eruptions and are commonly called as volcanic wash

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The soils commonly found in India can be classified as follows

(i) Alluvial Soils: Alluvial soils include the deltaic alluvium, calcareous alluvial soils, coastal alluvium, and coastal sands. This is the largest and most important soil group of India. The main features of the alluvial soils of India are derived from the deposition caused by rivers of the Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra systems. These rivers bring with them
the products of weathering of rocks constituting the mountains in various degrees of fineness and deposit them as they traverse the plains. These soils vary from drift sand to loams and from fine silts to stiff clays. Such soils are very fertile and, hence, large irrigation schemes in areas of such soils are feasible. However, the irrigation structures themselves would require strong foundation.

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(ii) Black Soils: The black soils vary in depth from a thin layer to a thick stratum. The typical soil derived from the Deccan trap is black cotton soil. It is common in Maharashtra, western parts of Madhya Pradesh, parts of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, and some parts of Tamil Nadu. These soils may vary from clay to loam and are also called heavy soils. Many black soil areas have a high degree of fertility but some, especially in the uplands, are rather poor. These are suitable for the cultivation of rice and sugarcane. Drainage is poor in such soils.

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(iii) Red Soils: These are crystalline soils formed due to meteoric weathering of the ancient crystalline rocks. Such soils are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, south-eastern Maharashtra, eastern Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, and some districts of West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. Many of the so-called red soils of south India are not red. Red
soils have also been found under forest vegetation.

(iv) Lateritic Soils: Laterite is a formation peculiar to India and some other tropical countries. Laterite rock is composed of a mixture of the hydrated oxides of aluminium and iron with small amounts of manganese oxides. Under the monsoon conditions, the siliceous matter of the rocks is leached away almost completely during weathering. Laterites are found on the hills of Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, the eastern Ghats of Orissa. Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Assam.

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(v) Desert Soils: A large part of the arid region belonging to western Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab lying between the Indus river and the Aravalli range is affected by desert and conditions of geologically recent origin. This part is covered with a mantle of the blown sand which, combined with the arid climate, results in poor soil development. The Rajasthan desert is a vast sandy plain including isolated hills or rock outcrops at places. The soil in Rajasthan improves in fertility from west and north-west to east and north-east.

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(vi) Forest Soils: These soils contain high percentage of organic and vegetable matter and are also called humus. These are found in forests and foothills. Soils suitable for agriculture are called arable soils and other soils are non-arable.

Depending upon their degree of arability, these soils are further subdivided as follows

(i) Class I: The soils in class I have only a few limitations which restrict their use for cultivation. These soils are nearly level, deep, well-drained, and possess good water-holding capacity. They are fertile and suitable for intensive cropping.

(ii) Class II: These soils have some limitations which reduce the choice of crops and require moderate soil conservation practices to prevent deterioration, when cultivated.

(iii) Class III: These soils have severe limitations which reduce the choice of crops and require special soil conservation measures, when cultivated.

(iv) Class IV: These soils have very severe limitations which restrict the choice of crops to only a few and require very careful management. The cultivation may be restricted to once in three or four years. Soils of type class I to class IV are called arable soils. Soils inferior to class IV are grouped as non-arable soils. Irrigation practices are greatly influenced by the soil characteristics.

From agricultural considerations, the following soil characteristics are of particular significance.
– Physical properties of soil,
– Chemical properties of soil
– Soil-water relationships.

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