HYDROLOGY

ACE ACADEMY IES ESE HANDWRITTEN CLASSROOM NOTES

ENGINEERING SERVICES GOVT EXAMINATION NOTES

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Hydrology IES ESE Ace Academy Handwritten Classroom Notes PDF

INTRODUCTION TO RUNOFF : Runoff means the draining or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a surface channel. It thus represents the output from the catchment in a given unit of time. Consider a catchment area receiving precipitation.

For a given precipitation, the evapotranspiration, initial loss, infiltration and detention storage requirements will have to be first satisfied before the commencement of runoff. When these are satisfied, the excess precipitation moves over the land surfaces to reach smaller channels This portion of the runoff is called overland flow and involves building up of a storage over the surface and draining off of the same.

Usually the lengths and depths of over and flow are small and the flow is in the laminar regime. Flows from several small channels join bigger channels and flows from these in turn combine to form a larger stream, and so on, till the flow reaches the catchment outlet. The flow in this mode where it travels all the time over the surfaces overland flow and through the channels as open-channel flow and reaches the catchment outlet is called surface runoff

A part of the precipitation that infilters moves laterally through upper crusts of the soil and returns to the surface at some location away from the point of entry into the soil. This component of runoff is known variously as interflow, through flow, storm seepage, subsurface storm flow or quick return flow.