STEEL STRUCTURES

ACE ACADEMY IES ESE HANDWRITTEN CLASSROOM NOTES

ENGINEERING SERVICES GOVT EXAMINATION NOTES

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Steel Structures IES ESE Ace Academy Handwritten Notes PDF Free Download

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Steel Structures IES ESE Ace Academy Handwritten Notes PDF Free Download

Structural systems may be classified as follows:

simple system of construction;
semi-continuous (semi-rigid) construction;
continuous (rigid) construction.

In the simple system of construction, the members behave as hinge connections at joints so as not to develop any moment at the joint or to transfer moments to the adjacent members. The structure should be braced in both directions to provide stability against sway. This type of system is easy to analyse and is generally used in simple types of construction where the structural arrangement is not restricted from the point of view of availability of space and architectural appearance, and also is not subjected to complicated loadings. In the semi-continuous (or semi-rigid) system, the joints are assumed to have some strength and stiffness so that they can transfer moments between members. In practice, it is difficult to quantify the moment transfer between the members. This system is used in special circumstances when we are able to correctly quantify the stiffness of the joints. In the continuous (rigid) system of construction, the joints between members are considered to have full rotational stiffness and rigidity so that they can transfer moments and forces between members, and to be capable of resisting moments and forces. This type of construction is represented by portal frame structures. The frames are designed and fabricated with particular attention to the joints between the members. In industrial buildings, rigid portal frame structures are frequently used where space restrictions are the main consideration.

Buildability :

The structural layout and design of the building must be chosen based on the buildability of the structure from the point of view of fabrication, erection, maintenance and services with minimum interference with existing adjacent structures and with regard to the operation of the equipment inside the building.

Selection of construction materials

In general, two main types of construction material are in use in most industrial and service sector projects, namely steel and concrete. The selection of either steel or concrete as a building material depends on the following factors:

Easy availability. The procurement of steel is easier in industrialized countries than in developing countries, whereas in developing countries concrete ingredients are easier to procure than steel.

Construction costs. In developing countries, owing to the limited availability of steel, the difficulties of procurement within the scheduled project time frame and of finding a suitable fabricator often cause delays, giving rise to escalation in the project construction costs. Completion of a structure within the scheduled time frame provides benefits with respect to production costs for an industrial plant.

Financial aspects of the structure. Consideration of the utilization of the building during the operational sequence is vital in the case of a process plant. Sustainability. Compared with other construction materials, steel possesses characteristics that lead it to being more sustainable as a construction material.